Indo-US civilian nuclear deal

Indo-US civilian atomic dealINDIAS ENERGY SECURITY WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO INDO-US NUCLEAR DEALConsider the past 400 years of report. The human beings developed a new reference of motive, steam clean, and the industrial age came in. India with exclusively her many virtues did non develop that book of facts of world-beater and it became a backward and a slave body politic. Now, we ar on the verge of the atomic age. If we argon to remain abreast in the world as a nation which keeps ahead of things, we must develop this atomic postal code quite apart from warof course, if we are compelled as a nation to physical exertion it for otherwise purposes, no pious sentiments of any one of us derriere stop the nation from using it that way. Jawaharlal Nehru, 06 April 1948CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGYThe verve security encompasses the oil natural gas, enkindle and electricity. However in the ground of Indo-US civilian atomic deal we are referring to the electrical vigor security generated from atomic sources. The Indias thermonuclear reactors are fueled by uracil. Indias uranium is low stratum and quantity and is some seven times courtlier than whats procurable in the world market. The Indo US civilian nuclear deal encompasses the transfer of sensitive technology for reprocessing, enrichment of fuel and importing uranium for times of electricity from nuclear energy. In recent years, if there is one issue that has been on the headlines at regular intervals besides terrorist attacks in different parts of our country, is the Indo-US civilian nuclear deal. So much so that it was on the verge of bringing d profess the worlds amplest democracy. Never before in the history of independent India where any subject thought about, deliberated, argued and counter argued by the political, bureaucratic and the scientific elites. The main advantage of this deal is that the India not only got the assurance from the world to increase its electricit y generating ply but India can continue its nuclear weapon programme unhindered. The deal also gave strategic advantages to US.METHODOLOGYStatement of line of work2. This paper aims to analyse Will India be able to fulfill its power demand by 2030 by generating electricity from nuclear power plants in sluttish of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal.Hypothesis3. The extent of Indias strategic interest has expanded and span from the Gulf of Hormuze up to the Malacca Strait. It implies that India is on the threshold of be coming a regional super power, having a large say in the geopolitical affairs in South Asia. This situation has come about as a result of the economic liberalisation in last decade of the twentieth century, causing the economy to grow at appreciable rates of 7-8 % per year. Economic opportunities in India have made the world sit up and take notice, causing a huge influx of investments in all business and industrial sectors.4. accustomed the above situation, Indias elec trical energy needs are growing by leaps and bounds, and at a very rapid pace. The sources for coevals of electricity to nurse this strange harvest-time are not adequate. Therefore, it is imperative that India must look for alternative sources to generate sufficient electricity not only to cater for future growth but also to bridge the gap between the demand and depict. This testament also help India for realisation of her role as a regional power to satisfy her strategic aspirations.Justification of the Study5. India is concern for energy security in general and electrical energy in particular for its economic growth and uplifting the standard of living of its citizen. Indo-us civilian nuclear deal is a step towards to solve Indias energy problem which encompasses the generation of electricity from nuclear energy and transfer of sensitive technology including tot up of raw material. But the deal has much strategic and international connotation. If we adopt the perspective of twenty years hence, depart India be able to get to its energy security?Scope6. The scope of this study would be to look into Indias electric energy compulsion by 2030, foreground the electricity generating capacity and gap between demand and supply. Also to analyze the nuclear power plants generating capacity in a backdrop of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal with its strategic implications for India. The study would also suggest a way ahead for India to achieve total energy security. Other related issues such as electrification, transmission, distribution, billing, electrical energy conservation and regulatory commissions are not considered in this study.Operational Definitions7. Energy Security.1 A countrys ability to optimize its energy resource portfolio and supply of energy services for the desired level of services that will sustain economic growth and poverty reduction. It is a loose umbrella covers all reference of energy and economic growth.8. thermonuclear Energy and Energy Security.2 Nuclear Energy is the kinetic energy of the fragments that result from the fissioning or splitting of uranium and plutonium nuclei when they dunk neutrons. The kinetic energy is converted to heat as the fragments are slowed, and this heat is use to convert pee into steam which in turn apply for whirling of turbine thus producing electricity. This nuclear energy supplements the total energy requirement of our country with an aim to achieve energy security from all the sources including renewable, hydro and coal.Methods of Data Collection9. The major(ip) source of data collection has been through library books, journals, articles from magazine newspaper as well as internet. Organisation of the Dissertation (Chapterisation)10. The dissertation is organised as to a lower place (a) Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. This chapter introduces the subject Indias energy security with special reference to Indo-us nuclear deal. It also lays down the Statement of Problem providing a acknowledgment for the study and defines the scope of dissertation. The chapter also defines security in general and energy security in particular. Energy security encompasses oil, gas and electricity. The focus will be on nuclear power element of electricity/power security.(b) Chapter II Indias Electrical Energy Need and Present Status. This chapter brings out statistical data about the present power status in India from all sources including the contribution of nuclear power plants and predicting economic growth vis-a-vis Indias electrical energy needs by 2030.(c) Chapter III Nuclear Energy Its Myth and Reality. This chapter analysis the nuclear power generating capacity by 2030, technology and raw material requirement and its contribution towards achieving energy security. It also covers advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power over conventional sources of power generation.(d) Chapter IV Indo-US Civilian Nuclear know. This chapter covers Indias nucl ear history in brief and Indo-US civilian nuclear deal in detail. It also brings out the stance of International atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). This chapter also highlights the pros and cons and views of political parties in India.(e) Chapter V Implications of the Deal. This chapter highlights the strategic implications in depots of economic, geopolitical and military of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal.(f) Chapter VI The Way Ahead for Energy Security. signly India neglected its power requirement and now going for nuclear power. On one hand developed country like Germany is against nuclear power and on other side France in going for it. This chapter covers the analysis of this dichotomy and Indias necessity to go for it. In the end, recommendations for way ahead for India to achieve total energy security.CHAPTER IIINDIAS ELECTRICAL ENERGY shoot AND PRESENT STATUSIndias Energy Security Challenge31. Electricity is one of the most important inputs to oppose the growing economy. Today, there is the requisite buying power to support the rapid growth of the power sector. At the kindred time, there are severe resources constrains looming large. The non-availability of power in call for amounts could, in fact, severely restrict our developmental aspirations.2. There is a need to look at nuclear energy associated with processes involving the nub of an atom in several million folds higher than the energy associated with processes that pick out electron that orbit around the nucleus. The later forms the basis of energy through burning of fossil fuels. Nuclear energy released through fission or confederation of atomic nuclei and solar energy that we receive from the sun are the only two viable basic energy sources capable of meeting our long term energy needs.3. Electricity Present Status in India?4 India is a power deficit country with a high base and peak turn on deficit of around 9.8% and 16.6%, respectively. Currently, thoug h coal-based plants contribute around 58 % of the installed capacity, that alone would not be sufficient to secure and fulfill Indias long-term Energy requirements. A broad estimate suggests that if the countrys coal consumption continues to grow at 5% pa, going ahead we might run out of coal reserves over the near 40-50 years, and even if new coal reserves are discovered and extracted, we might still run out of coal in the next 70-80 years. Installed Capacity long hundred GW. Gross Generation is 620 billion kWh. The current per capita power consumption in India is about 612 KWH per year. While the world average is 2596 KWH. Out of total power available in India, thermal power constitutes 64.6%, hydro power 24.7% and nuclear power 2.9%. The present power status of India is shown in fig 1. The details of nuclear power is shown in fig 2Indian Energy Scenarios 20304. Nuclear king5 will play a significant role in the long-term energy mix of the country with the government planning to raise its contribution from the current level of 2.9% (4,120 MW) to around 10% (64,000-65,000 MW) of the countrys installed capacity by 2030.65. Details of Nuclear Power Plants in India.7 Currently, 17 nuclear power reactors produce 4,120 MW (2.9% of total installed base).Power stationOperatorStateTypeUnits native capacity (MW)KaigaNPCILKarnatakaPHWR220 x 3660KakraparNPCILGujaratPHWR220 x 2440KalpakkamNPCILTamil NaduPHWR220 x 2440NaroraNPCILUttar PradeshPHWR220 x 2440RawatbhataNPCILRajasthanPHWR100 x 1,200 x 1,220 x 2740TarapurNPCILMaharashtraBWR(PHWR)160 x 2,540 x 21400 sum total1741206. The projects chthonic construction arePower stationOperatorStateTypeUnitsTotal capacity (MW)KaigaNPCILKarnatakaPHWR220 x 1220RawatbhataNPCILRajasthanPHWR220 x 2440KudankulamNPCILTamil NaduVVER-10001000 x 22000KalpakkamNPCILTamil NaduPFBR500 x 1500Total631607. The planned projects arePower stationOperatorStateTypeUnitsTotal capacity (MW)KakraparNPCILGujaratPHWR640 x 21280RawatbhataNPCILRajasthanP HWR640 x 21280KudankulamNPCILTamil NaduVVER-12001200 x 22400JaitapurNPCILMaharastraEPR1600 x 46400KaigaNPCILKarnatakaPWR1000 x 1, one hundred fifty0 x 12500BhaviniPFBR470 x 41880NPCILAHWR300300NTPCPWR1000 x 22000NPCILPHWR640 x 42560Total10206008. The following projects are firmly proposed.Power stationOperatorStateTypeUnitsTotal capacity (MW)KudankulamNPCILTamil NaduVVER-12001200 x 22400JaitapurNPCILMaharashtraEPR1600 x 23200Pati SonapurOrissaPWR6000KumahariaHaryanaPWR2800SaurashtraGujaratPWRPulivendulaNPCIL 51%,AP Genco 49%Andhra PradeshPWR2000 x 12000KovvadaAndhra PradeshPWRHaripurWest BengalPWRTotal15164009. The following projects are proposed and to be confirmed soon.Power stationOperatorStateTypeUnitsTotal capacity (MW)KudankulamNPCILTamil NaduVVER-12001200 x 22400Total2240010. Summary of total nuclear power generation capacity by 2030.Sl No.ProjectUnitsTotal capacity (MW)1Present nuclear power reactors1741202Projects under construction0631603Planned projects10206004Projects fi rmly proposed15164005Proposed and to be confirmed022400Total504668011. Department of nuclear Energy. This independent department has all matter related to atomic energy under its purview, and is responsible for de signing, commissioning, constructing and operating nuclear power plants.12. National Electricity Policy.8 The GOI decided and notified the National Electricity Policy in Feb 2005 (Min of Power, 2005). The policy aims at accelerated development of power sector, providing supply of electricity to all areas and protecting interests of consumers. The policy prescribes development of rural electrification distribution backbone to be completed in next five years, Some of the points on which the policy emphasizes on are-(a) Nuclear power is an established source of energy to meet the base load demand. Share of nuclear power in the overall capacity profile will need to be increased significantly.(b) Creation of adequate generation capacity with a spinning reserve of a least 5% by 2012 with availability of installed capacity at 85%.(c) Full development of hydro potential.(d) Development of National Grid.(e) Exploitation of non-conventional energy such as pocketable hydro, solar, biomass and enwrap for additional power generation capacity.13. Outcome of the Deal. The Indian nuclear power industry is judge to undergo a significant expansion in the coming years thanks in part to the passing of the Indo-US nuclear deal. This agreement will allow India to carry out trade of nuclear fuel and technologies with other countries and significantly enhance its power generation capacity. India is expected to generate an additional 25,000 MW of nuclear power by 2020, bringing total estimated nuclear power generation to 45,000 MW. Following a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group in September 2008 which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade, India has signed nuclear deals with several other countries including France, unite States, Namibia, Mongolia and K azakhstan while the framework for similar deals with Canada and United Kingdom are also being prepared. In February 2009, India also signed a $700 million deal with Russia for the supply of 2000 tons nuclear fuel. India now envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 4.2% to 9% within 25 years. In 2010, Indias installed nuclear power generation capacity will increase to 6,000 MW. As of 2009, India stands 9th in the world in damage of number of operational nuclear power reactors and is constructing 9 more, including two EPRs being constructed by Frances Areva. Indigenous atomic reactors include TAPS-3, and -4, both(prenominal) of which are 540 MW reactors. Indias $717 million fast breeder reactor project is expected to be operational by 2010.14. Nuclear Power Growth. India, being a non-signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, has been subjected to a defacto nuclear embargo from members of the Nuclear Suppliers Gr oup (NSG) cartel. This has prevented India from obtaining commercial nuclear fuel, nuclear power plant components and services from the international market, thereby forcing India to develop its own fuel, components and services for nuclear power generation. The NSG embargo has had both invalidating and positive consequences for Indias Nuclear Industry. On one hand, the NSG administration has constrained India from freely importing nuclear fuel at the volume and cost levels it would like to support the countrys goals of expanding its nuclear power generation capacity to at least 20,000 MW by 2020. Also, by precluding India from taking advantage of the economies of scale and safety innovations of the global nuclear industry, the NSG regime has driven up the capital and operating costs and damaged the achievable safety potential of Indian nuclear power plants. On the other hand, the NSG embargo has forced the Indian government and bureaucracy to support and actively fund the develop ment of Indian nuclear technologies and industrial capacities in all key areas needed to create and maintain a domestic nuclear industry. This has resulted in the creation of a large pool of nuclear scientists, engineers and technicians that have developed new and ridiculous innovations in the areas of Fast Breeder Reactors, Thermal Breeder Reactors, the Thorium fuel cycle, nuclear fuel reprocessing and Tritium extraction intersection pointion. Ironically, had the NSG sanctions not been in place, it would have been far more cost effective for India to import foreign nuclear power plants and nuclear fuels than to fund the development of Indian nuclear power generation technology, building of Indias own nuclear reactors, and the development of domestic uranium mining, milling and refining capacity.15. India has already been using imported enriched uranium and are currently under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, but it has developed various aspects of the nucle ar fuel cycle to support its reactors. Development of select technologies has been strongly affected by special(a) imports. Use of dark water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because it allows Uranium to be burnt with little to no enrichment capabilities. India has also done a spectacular amount of work in the development of a Thorium centered fuel cycle. While Uranium deposits in the nation are limited, there are much greater reserves of Thorium and it could provide hundreds of times the energy with the same mass of fuel. The fact that Thorium can theoretically be use in heavy water reactors has tied the development of the two. A prototype reactor that would burn Uranium-Plutonium fuel while irradiating a Thorium screening is under construction at the Madras/Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station.CHAPTER IIINUCLEAR ENERGY ITS MYTH AND REALITYNuclear Energy in India91. Nuclear energy is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydro and renewable sources of electricity. As of 2008, India has 17 nuclear power plants in operation generating 4,120 MW while 6 other are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 3,160 MW. Since early 1990s, Russia has been a major source of nuclear fuel to India. Due to dwindling domestic uranium reserves, electricity generation from nuclear power in India declined by 12.83% from 2006 to 2008. To appreciate the Indo US nuclear deal better, let us understand the basics of generation of nuclear energy.2. Nuclear Reactor. The basis of nuclear power is the fission process. This is the process of splitting of a fissionable atoms nucleus, releasing energy in the form of heat, which can be converted through steam turbine and a generator into electricity. The only naturally occurring fissionable material is Uranium and said to be fissile because its nucleus has an affinity to a colliding neutron which it absorbs, splits into two smaller particles and emits two or more neutro ns and produces vast amounts of energy. This process is called fission bowed stringed instrument reception. The neutrons produced as result of fission reaction in the reactor have excessive energy levels and they move at a great speed. In a nuclear reactor a chain reaction cannot be sustained with fast moving neutrons. So the fast paced neutrons are slowed down by an element called a moderator. The two substances that are used as a moderator in a Uranium reactor are heavy water and graphite. A majority of the nuclear reactors in the world use natural uranium as fuel and light water as moderator and hence they are called the Light Water Reactor. These are essentially boiling water reactor (BWR) or Pressurized water reactor (PWR). In a BWR, the cooling water is allowed to boil inside the reactor at a temp of 290 deg and extort of 70 atmospheres. The steam is then fed directly to the turbines and re-circulated to the reactor. In a PWR the pressure inside the reactor vessel is kept a t 150 atmospheres so as to prevent the cooling water from boiling at temperatures up to 350 deg. This water is fed out of the reactor vessel to a steam generator where it passes through thousands of tubes immersed in water at a much lower pressure. The secondary cooling water boils and drives the turbines. The other type of reactors those use heavy water as moderator is called Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR).3. Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Nuclear fuel needs to be processed optimally for use and thereafter disposed off safely. All these activities form part of the nuclear fuel cycle. Indias share of Natural Uranium reserve of the entire globe is 0.8 %. At the same time that of Thorium is over 32% of the worlds reserve. A Uranium Mill is a chemic plant designed to extract uranium from ore. The final product that goes out of from the mill, commonly referred to as yellow cake, contains more than 60% of uranium.4. Nuclear Waste Reprocessing. The fuel which went into the reactor is remove d after anywhere between 18 months to about 3 years. This spent fuel highly radioactive waste. The Uranium which comprises about 96% of the spent fuel can be recycled as refreshing fuel elements. It could be used to fuel breeder reactors or can be used to make a nuclear bomb.5. Uranium Enrichment. Purification and chemical conversion of uranium concentrate to uranium hexafluoride is needed since yellowcake is not directly usable as nuclear reactor fuel. The uranium hexafluoride is used in a natural uranium fuel reactor. The enriched uranium is now sent to a fuel fabrication plant where it is changed into uranium dioxide powder. The powder is pressed into small pellets, which are then put into metal tubes, forming fuel rods. These fuel rods are put together to form a fuel assembly.Advantages and Disadvantages6. The advantages of electricity produced from nuclear source are as follows -(a) Cost- Effective Option. A kilogram of uranium can produces a million times more energy as compa red to a kilogram of coal or a kilogram of hydrocarbon. One kg uranium can produce as much electricity as 1500 tons of coal. It will not only diversify Indias power generation portfolio but also reduces pressure on railway transportation of coal for the thermal power plants.(b) environmentally Sustainable. Non-emission of greenhouse gases that have threatened the global climate. The reduction in annual coal consumption 100 Million Tons. Reduction in annual carbon dioxide Emissions 170 Million Tons. This will help ease global demand for crude oil and natural gas.7. The disadvantages of nuclear power plants are as follows -(a) Initial Cost. Conventional nuclear plants are expensive, being perhaps two to three times the cost of comparable coal or gasification plants, with much of this expenditure required to insure the safety of the public. The production process is relatively simple and involves using nuclear heat to create steam that subsequently drives a turbine generator. Howeve r, the high cost of the plants (billions of dollars) can introduce potentially high financial risks to owners and investors alike, as history has demonstrated. While the plants are relatively inefficient (33%), the price of nuclear fuel, as with coal, is a fraction of the cost of natural gas. Nuclear plants operate at full power for technical reasons and avoid the daily routine large load swings of the electrical grid. Fossil plants are normally used for such purposes.Indias Nuclear Energy Programme8. Indias nuclear resource endowments are modest in terms of uranium, which is the only naturally available material that contains a fissionable component. On other hand thorium endowments are vast. But unlike uranium it is non fissionable.9. Three-StageProgramme Indias strategies for large scale development of nuclear energy focused towards utilization of thorium and three stages nuclear power program is as given under (a) The original stage of Indian Nuclear Power employs the PHWRs fue lled by uranium, to produce plutonium.(b) The second stage, Plutonium put in Fast breeder reactor with uranium, with a blanket of thorium, to convert some of the thorium into uranium. (c) In the third stage, Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWRs) would burn Thorium and U 233 as fuel. This is what we finally want to achieve in the years to come. The AHWR test reactor is in final phase of design.10. Nuclear Energy for Indias Energy Security.1011 TheCHAPTER IVIndo US Civilian Nuclear DealIndo-US Relations1. Historical Perspective. The nuclear energy history started way back in 1950 when US helped India to develop nuclear energy under the atoms for peace program. In 1968 India refused to sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) claiming it was biased. India, Pakistan and Israel never signed NPT and North Korea signed but withdrew later. In 1974 came a turning point when India tested its first nuclear bomb made by the materials from the Canadian reactor. Canada and US stopped selling nuc lear fuel to India and US placed severe restrictions on transfer of doubled use technologies to India. India was a target of American ideological and geopolitical antagonism. Bilateral relations between the two countries were victims of incompatible obsessions of Indias with Pakistan and Americas with the erstwhile USSR.2. postal service Pokharan II. Indias nuclear blasts of 1998 not only shook the Thar desert, but also rocked the very foundations of the Global Nuclear Order. US administration promptly imposed sanctions and also mobilized other nations in doing so. Indias nuclear policy thus became the single most contentious issue in bilateral relations. The country was treated like pariah, especially by the US and 45 member Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) countries and isolated India for more than three decades, refusing nuclear co-operation. Sanctions were heaped on India. Indian nuclear scientists were unwelcome at international seminars in their field.3. Post 9/11. In 2000, the US has moved to build a strategic partnership with India. The terrorists strike of 11 Sep 01 resulted in convergence of strategic interests of both the sides. India supported American actions whole heartedly and defence cooperation was at new heights. An agreement on Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP) was signed in Jan 2004 which included areas such as missile defence, cooperation in civilian nuclear, space programme and high technology trade. The foundation and indeed the underpinning of the nuclear agreement was the signing of a ten year New Framework for Defence Relationship (NFDR) in June 2005 as a prelude to the historic agreement of 18 Jul 05, when India and the US agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian nuclear agreement.Landmark Deal4. On 18 Jul 2005, India and the US sign the landmark Civilian Nuclear Deal in Washington DC and surprise the world. The deal was signed by US President Mr George Bush and Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh. The US dismantle th e complex architecture that it had set up to isolate India after 1974 nuclear test and deny it access to civilian nuclear technology.5. Hyde Act. On 18 Dec 2006, the US congress passed the Henry J Hyde United States-India peaceful atomic energy co-operation act 2006 (PAEC Act 2006) popularly called as Hyde Act, amending the atomic energy act that had prohibited American entities from trading with countries that didnt sign the NPT or had done a nuclear test. India fitted into both categories. The US Senate voted emphatically in favor of 86 to 13. In reality, the Hyde Act is an enabling legi